The Great Replacement

The Great Replacement (French: Grand Remplacement), also known as replacement theory or great replacement theory, is a  theory disseminated by French author Renaud Camus. The original theory states that, with the complicity or cooperation of "replacist" elites, the ethnic French and white European populations at large are being demographically and culturally replaced with non-white peoples—especially from Muslim-majority countries—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the birth rate of white Europeans. Since then, similar claims have been advanced in other national contexts, notably in the United States.

Mainstream scholars have dismissed these claims as rooted in a misunderstanding of demographic statistics and premised upon an unscientific, racist worldview. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Great Replacement "has been widely ridiculed for its blatant absurdity." While similar themes have characterized various theories since the late 19th century, the particular term was popularized by Camus in his 2011 book Le Grand Remplacement. The book associates the presence of Muslims in France with danger and destruction of French culture and civilization. Camus and other conspiracy theorists attribute recent demographic changes in Europe to intentional policies advanced by global and liberal elites (the "replacists") from within the Government of France, the European Union, or the United Nations; they describe it as a "genocide by substitution".

The theory found support in Europe, and has also grown popular among anti-migrant and white nationalist movements from other parts of the West; many of their adherents maintain that "immigrants [are] flocking to predominantly white countries for the precise purpose of rendering the white population a minority within their own land or even causing the extinction of the native population". It aligns with (and is a part of) the larger white genocide conspiracy theory except in the strategic replacement of antisemitic canards with Islamophobia.

This replacement, along with a use of simple catch-all slogans, have been cited as reasons for its broader appeal in a pan-European context, although the concept remains rooted in antisemitism in many white nationalist movements, especially (but not exclusively) in the United States. Although Camus has publicly condemned violence, scholars have argued that calls to violence are implicit in his depiction of non-white migrants as an existential threat to white populations.  Renaud Camus developed his conspiracy theory in two books published in 2010 and 2011, in the context of an increase in anti-immigrant rhetoric in public discourse during the previous decade. Europe also experienced an escalation in Islamic terrorist attacks during the 2000s–2010s, and a migrant crisis in the years 2015–2016, which exacerbated tensions and prepared public opinion for the reception of Camus's conspiracy theory.

As the latter depicts a population replacement said to occur in a short time lapse of one or two generations, the migrant crisis was particularly conducive to the spread of Camus's ideas while the terrorist attacks accelerated the construction of immigrants as an existential threat among those who shared such a worldview. Camus's theme of a future demise of European culture and civilization also parallels a "cultural pessimistic" and anti-Islam trend among European intellectuals of the period, illustrated in several best-selling and straightforwardly titled books released during the 2010s: Thilo Sarrazin's Germany Abolishes Itself (2010), Éric Zemmour's The French Suicide (2014) or Michel Houellebecq's Submission (2015).

According to Camus, the "Great Replacement" has been nourished by "industrialisation", "despiritualisation" and "deculturation"; the materialistic society and globalism having created a "replaceable human, without any national, ethnic, or cultural specificity", what he labels "global replacism". Camus claims that "the great replacement does not need a definition," as the term is not, in his views, a "concept" but rather a "phenomenon". In Camus's theory, the indigenous French people ("the replaced")[f] is described as being demographically replaced by non-white populations ("the replacing [peoples]")—mainly coming from Africa or the Middle East—in a process of "peopling immigration" encouraged by a "replacist power". Camus frequently uses terms and concepts related to the period of Nazi-occupied France (1940–1945). He for instance labels "colonizers" or "Occupiers" people of non-European descent who reside in Europe, and dismisses what he calls the "replacist elites" as "collaborationist".

Camus founded in 2017 an organization named the National Council of European Resistance, in a self-evident reference to the World War II National Council of the Resistance (1943–1945). This analogy to the French Resistance against Nazism has been described as an implicit call to hatred, direct action or even violence against what Camus labels the "Occupiers; i.e. the immigrants". Camus has also compared the Great Replacement and the so-called "genocide by substitution" of the European peoples to the Holocaust. Camus cites two influential figures in the epilogue of his 2011 book The Great Replacement: British politician Enoch Powell's apocalyptic vision of future race relations—expressed in his 1968 "Rivers of Blood" speech—and French author Jean Raspail's depiction of the collapse of the West from an overwhelming "tidal wave" of Third World immigration, featured in his 1973 novel The Camp of the Saints. Camus also declared to The Spectator magazine in 2016 that a key to understanding the "Great Replacement" can be found in his 2002 book Du Sens. In the latter he wrote that the words "France" and "French" equal a natural and physical reality rather than a legal one, in a cratylism similar to Charles Maurras's distinction between the "legal" and the "real country".

During the same interview, Camus mentioned that he began to imagine his conspiracy theory back in 1996, during the redaction of a guidebook on the department of Hérault, in the South of France: "I suddenly realized that in very old villages [...] the population had totally changed too [...] this is when I began to write like that." Despite its own singularities and concepts, the "Great Replacement" is encompassed in a larger and older "white genocide" conspiracy theory, popularized in the US by neo-Nazi David Lane in his 1995 White Genocide Manifesto, where he asserted that governments in Western countries were intending to turn white people into "extinct species".

Scholars generally agree that, although he did not father the theme, Camus indeed coined the term "Great Replacement" as a slogan and concept, and eventually led it to its fame in the 2010s. The idea of "replacement" under the guidance of a hostile elite can be further traced back to pre-WWII antisemitic conspiracy theories which posited the existence of a Jewish plot to destroy Europe through miscegenation, especially in Édouard Drumont's antisemitic bestseller La France juive (1886). Commenting on this resemblance, historian Nicolas Lebourg and political scientist Jean-Yves Camus suggest that Camus's contribution was to replace the antisemitic elements with a clash of civilizations between Muslims and Europeans. Also in the late 19th century, imperialist politicians invoked the Péril jaune (Yellow Peril) in their negative comparisons of France's low birth-rate and the high birth-rates of Asian countries. From that claim arose an artificial, cultural fear that immigrant-worker Asians soon would "flood" France. This danger supposedly could be successfully countered only by increased fecundity of French women.

Then, France would possess enough soldiers to thwart the eventual flood of immigrants from Asia. Maurice Barrès's nationalist writings of that period have also been noted in the ideological genealogy of the "Great Replacement", Barrès contending both in 1889 and in 1900 that a replacement of the native population under the combined effect of immigration and a decline in the birth rate was happening in France. Scholars also highlight a modern similarity to European neo-fascist and neo-Nazi thinkers from the immediate post-war, especially Maurice Bardèche, René Binet and Gaston-Armand Amaudruz, and to concepts advanced from the 1960s onward by the French Nouvelle Droite.

The associated and more recent conspiracy theory of "Eurabia", published by British author Bat Ye'or in her 2005 eponymous book, is often cited as a probable inspiration for Camus's "Great Replacement". Eurabia theory likewise involves globalist entities, that time led by both French and Arab powers, conspiring to Islamize Europe, with Muslims submerging the continent through immigration and higher birth rates. The conspiracy theory also depicts immigrants as invaders or as a fifth column, invited to the continent by a corrupt political elite. While the ethnic demography of France has shifted as a result of post-WWII immigration, scholars have generally dismissed the claims of a "great replacement" as being rooted in an exaggeration of immigration statistics and unscientific, racially prejudiced views.

Geographer Landis MacKellar criticized Camus's thesis for assuming "that third- and fourth- generation 'immigrants' are somehow not French." Researchers have variously estimated the Muslim population of France at between 8.8% and 12.5% in 2017, making a "replacement" unlikely according to MacKellar. In the words of scholar Andrew Fergus Wilson, whereas the islamophobic Great Replacement theory can be distinguished from the parallel antisemitic white genocide conspiracy theory, "they share the same terms of reference and both are ideologically aligned with the so-called '14 words' of David Lane ["We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children"]." In 2021, the Anti-Defamation League wrote that "since many white supremacists, particularly those in the United States, blame Jews for non-white immigration to the U.S.", the Great Replacement theory has been increasingly associated with antisemitism and conflated with the white genocide conspiracy theory. Scholar Kathleen Belew has argued that the Great Replacement theory "allows an opportunism in selecting enemies", but "also follows the central motivating logic, which is to protect the thing on the inside [i.e. the preservation and birth rate of the white race], regardless of the enemy on the outside."

According to Australian historian A. Dirk Moses, the great replacement theory is a form of psychological projection in which Europeans—who enacted settler-colonial projects entailing the elimination and replacement of native populations by settler societies—fear the reverse may happen to them. In German discourse, Austrian political scientist Rainer Bauböck questioned the conspiracy theorists' use of the terms "population replacement" or "exchange" (Bevölkerungsaustausch). Using Ruth Wodak's analysis that the slogan needs to be viewed in its historical context, Bauböck has concluded that the conspiracy theory is a reemergence of the Nazi ideology of Umvolkung ("ethnicity inversion"). Camus's tract for his 2014 "day of anger" demonstration against the "great replacement": "No to the change of people and of civilization, no to antisemitism"

The simplicity and use of catch-all slogans in Camus's formulations—"you have one people, and in the space of a generation you have a different people"—as well as his removal of antisemitism from the original neo-Nazi "white genocide" conspiracy theory, have been cited as conducive to the popularity of the "Great Replacement" in Europe. In a survey led by Ifop in December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the conspiracy theory; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "Gilets Jaunes" (Yellow Vest protesters). In another survey led by Harris Interactive in October 2021, 61% of the French believed that the "Great Replacement" will happen in France; 67% of the respondents were worried about it.

The theory has also become influential in far-right and white nationalist circles outside of France. The conspiracy theory has been cited by Canadian far-right political activist Lauren Southern in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017. Southern's video had attracted in 2020 more than 686,000 viewers and is credited with helping to popularize the conspiracy theory. Counter-jihad Norwegian blogger Fjordman has also participated in spreading the theory. It has also been promoted by the German edition of The Epoch Times, a far-right Falun Gong-associated newspaper. Prominent right-wing extremist websites such as Gates of Vienna, Politically Incorrect, and Fdesouche [fr] have provided a platform for bloggers to diffuse and popularize the theory of the "Great Replacement". Among its main promoters are also a wide-ranging network of loosely connected white nationalist movements, especially the Identitarian movement in Europe, and other groups like PEGIDA in Germany.

France
Much of the European spread of the Great Replacement (French: Grand Remplacement) conspiracy theory rhetoric is due to its prevalence in French national discourse and media. Nationalist right-wing groups in France have asserted that there is an ongoing "Islamo-substitution" of the indigenous French population, associating the presence of Muslims in France with potential danger and destruction of French culture and civilization.
 
In 2011, Marine Le Pen evoked the theory, claiming that France's "adversaries" were waging a moral and economic war on the country, apparently "to deliver it to submersion by an organized replacement of our population". In 2013, historian Dominique Venner's suicide in Notre-Dame de Paris, in which he left a note outlining the "crime of the replacement of our people" is reported to have inspired the far-right Iliade Institute's main ideological tenet of the Great Replacement. Referring to the conspiracy theory, Marine Le Pen publicly praised Venner, claiming that his "last gesture, eminently political, was to try to awaken the French people".[84]
 
In 2015, Guillaume Faye gave a speech at the Swedish Army Museum in Stockholm, in which he claimed there were three societal things being used against Europeans to carry out a supposed Great Replacement: abortion, homosexuality and immigration. He asserted that Muslims were replacing white people by using birthrates as a demographic weapon.
 
In June 2017, a BuzzFeed investigation revealed three National Front candidates subscribing to the conspiracy theory ahead of the legislative elections. These included Senator Stéphane Ravier's personal assistant, who claimed the Great Replacement had already started in France. Publishing an image of blonde girl next to the caption "Say no to white genocide", Ravier's aide politically charged the concept further, writing "the National Front or the invasion".
 
Journalist and author Éric Zemmour, who ran for President of France in the 2022 election, promoted extensively the Great Replacement concept.

By September 2018, in a meeting at Fréjus, Marine Le Pen closely echoed Great Replacement rhetoric. Speaking of France, she declared that "never in the history of mankind, have we seen a society that organizes an irreversible submersion" that would eventually cause French society to "disappear by dilution or substitution, its culture and way of life". Former National Assembly delegate Marion Maréchal, who is a junior member of the political Le Pen family, is also a proponent of the theory. In March 2019, in a trip to the U.S., Maréchal evoked the theory, stating "I don't want France to become a land of Islam". Insisting that the Great Replacement was "not absurd", she declared the "indigenous French" people, apparently in danger of being a minority by 2040, now wanted their "country back".
 
National Rally's serving president Marine Le Pen, who is the aunt of Maréchal, has been heavily influenced by the Great Replacement. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung has described the conspiracy theory creator Renaud Camus as Le Pen's "whisperer". In May 2019, National Rally spokesman Jordan Bardella was reported to use the conspiracy theory during a televised debate with Nathalie Loiseau, after he argued that France must "turn off the tap" from the demographic bomb of African immigration into the country.
 
In June 2019, journalist and author Éric Zemmour pushed the concept in comparison to the Kosovo War, claiming "In 1900, there were 90% Serbs and 10% Muslims in Kosovo, in 1990 there were 90% Muslims and 10% Serbs, then there was war and the independence of Kosovo". Zemmour, author of The French Suicide, has repeatedly described "the progressive replacement, over a few decades, of the historic population of our country by immigrants, the vast majority of them non-European". Later that month, Marion Maréchal joined Zemmour in invoking the Great Replacement in relation to the Balkan region, stating "I do not want my France to become Kosovo" and declared that the changing demographics of France "threatens us" ("nous menace") and that this was increasingly clear. Zemmour ran for president in 2022 and continued to extensively promote the theory during his campaign. He finished in fourth place in the first round of the election, taking 7,07% of the vote.
 
Austria
Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ), the Austrian branch of the Identitarian movement, promotes this theory, citing a "great exchange"[j] or replacement of the population that supposedly needs to be reversed.[99] In April 2019, Heinz-Christian Strache campaigning for his FPÖ party ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election endorsed the conspiracy theory.[100] Claiming that "population replacement" in Austria was a real threat, he stated that "We don't want to become a minority in our own country".[101] Compatriot Martin Sellner, who also supports the theory, celebrated Strache's political use of the Great Replacement.[102][103]
 
Belgium
In September 2018, Schild & Vrienden [nl], an extremist Flemish youth organization, were reported to be endorsing the conspiracy theory. The group, claiming that native populations of Europe were being replaced by migrants; they proposed an end to all immigration, forced deportation of non-whites, and the founding of ethnostates. The following month, VRT detailed how the organization was discussing the Great Replacement on secretive chat channels, and using the conspiracy theory to promote Flemish ethnic identity.
 
In March 2019, Flemish nationalist Dries Van Langenhove of the Vlaams Belang party repeatedly stated that the Flemish people were "being replaced" in Belgium, posting claims on social media which endorsed the Great Replacement theory.
 
Denmark
Use of the Great Replacement (Danish: Store Udskiftning) conspiracy theory has become common in right-wing Danish political rhetoric. In April 2019, Rasmus Paludan, leader of the Hard Line party, which is widely associated with the Great Replacement,[108] claimed that by the year 2040 ethnic Danish people would be approaching to be a minority in Denmark, having been outnumbered by Muslims and their descendants.[109] During a debate for the 2019 European Parliament elections, Paludan used the concept to justify a proposal to ban Muslim immigration and deport all Islamic residents from the country, in what Le Monde described as Paludan "preaching the 'great replacement theory'".
 
In June 2019, Pia Kjærsgaard (Danish People's Party) invoked the conspiracy theory while serving as Speaker of the Danish Parliament. After the alleged encouragement of Muslim communities to "vote red", for the Social Democrats; Kjærsgaard asked "What will happen? A replacement of the Danish people?".
 
Germany
Ex-SPD politician Thilo Sarrazin is reported to be one of the most influential promoters of the Great Replacement, having published several books on the subject, some of which, such as Germany Abolishes Itself, are in high circulation. Sarrazin has proposed that there are too many immigrants in Germany, and that they supposedly have lower IQs than Germans. Regarding the demographics of Germany, he has claimed that in a century ethnic Germans will drop in number to 25 million, in 200 years to eight million and in 300 years: three million.
 
In May 2016, Alternative for Germany (German: Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) deputy leader Beatrix von Storch used a language reminiscent of the theory when she claimed that plans for a mass exchange of populations ("Massenaustausch der Bevölkerung") had long been made.
 
In April 2017, a few months before he assumed the leadership of the AfD, Alexander Gauland released a press statement regarding the issue of family reunification for refugees, in which he claimed that "Population exchange in Germany is running at full speed".[93][111] In October 2018, following Beatrix von Storch's lead, Bundestag member Petr Bystron said the Global Compact for Migration was part of the conspiracy to bring about systemic population change in Germany.
 
In March 2019, Vice Germany reported how AfD MP Harald Laatsch [de] attempted to justify and assign blame for the Christchurch mosque shootings, in relation to his "The Great Exchange" theory, by asserting that the shooter's actions were driven by "overpopulation" from immigrants and "climate protection" against them. Laatsch also claimed that the climate movement, who he labelled "climate panic propagators", had a "shared responsibility" for the massacre, and singled out child activist Greta Thunberg.[112]
 
Similarly, right-wing publicist Martin Lichtmesz [de] denied that either Anders Behring Breivik's 2011 manifesto, which referred to the Eurabia variant of the "white genocide" narrative, or Brenton Tarrant's 2019 The Great Replacement manifesto, had any connection to the theory. Claiming that it was, in fact, not a conspiracy theory at all, Lichtmesz said both Breivik and Tarrant were reacting to a real phenomenon; a "historically unique experiment" of a "Great Exchange" of people.
 
Hungary
Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and his political party Fidesz in Hungary have been associated with the conspiracy theory over the course of several years. The Sydney Morning Herald detailed Orbán's belief in and promotion of the Great Replacement as being central to the modern right-wing politics of Europe. In December 2018, he claimed the "Christian identity of Europe" needed saving, and labelled refugees traveling to Europe as "Muslim invaders". In a speech, Orbán asserted: "If in the future Europe is to be populated by people other than Europeans, and we accept this as a fact and see it as natural, then we will effectively be consenting to population replacement: to a process in which the European population is replaced".
 
He has also stated: "In all of Europe there are fewer and fewer children, and the answer of the West is migration," concluding that "We Hungarians have a different way of thinking. Instead of just numbers, we want Hungarian children." ThinkProgress described the comments as pushing a version of the theory. In April 2019, Radio New Zealand published insight that Orban's plans to cut taxes for large Hungarian families could be linked with fears of the Great Replacement.
 
Ireland
A 2019 Lidl advertisement that featured a white Irish woman, her Afro-Brazilian partner and their mixed race son was targeted by former journalist Gemma O'Doherty as part of an attempt at a "Great Replacement." After facing online harassment the family decided to leave Ireland. The "Great Replacement" has also been used in Ireland in opposition to direct provision centres, used to house asylum seekers.
 
Writing in 2020, Richard Downes said that "Rather than seeing the increase in non-Irish people living and making their lives here as being a normal part of a modern European country, some of the new nationalists see it as a conspiracy to overwhelm Ireland with foreigners. For many of them the conspirators include the Irish government, NGOs, the EU and the UN. They believe that these organisations want to replace Irish people with brown and black people from abroad."
 
The term "great replacement" was also used when the RTÉ News featured the three first babies born in 2020, born to Polish, Black and Indian mothers; journalist Fergus Finlay saying "I don't care about the vulgar abuse, but I really do believe that these hatemongers should be prosecuted when they incite others to hatred and violence against people whose only crime is their skin colour or religion. I find it hard to understand why the State hasn't acted already against these cruel ideologues who think they can say whatever they like under the banner of free speech. They may be small in number now, and on the surface they may just seem bonkers, but we've been here before. Political movements have been built on hatred of the other, and we know the damage they have caused."
 
Garda Commissioner (national chief of police) Drew Harris spoke about far right groups in 2020, saying that "Irish groups [believing] in the great replacement theory" had plans "to disrupt key State institutions and infrastructure. This included Dublin Port, high profile shopping areas such as Grafton Street in Dublin, Dáil Éireann and Government departments."
 
Some participants in the 2022–2023 Irish anti-immigration protests such as Hermann Kelly and Derek Blighe support a Great Replacement theory, as well as referring to the influx of immigrants as an "invasion" and a "plantation"
 
Italy
Giorgia Meloni accepting the task of forming a new government
Meloni accepting the task of forming a new government
The current Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has endorsed the Great Replacement ideology. Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini of Italy (2018–2019) has repeatedly adopted the theme of the Great Replacement. In May 2016, two years before his election to office, he claimed "ethnic replacement is underway" in Italy in an interview with Sky TG24. Accusing nameless, well-funded organizations for importing workers that he named "farm slaves", he stated that there was a "lucrative attempt at genocide" of Italians.
 
In April 2023, the Minister of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests Francesco Lollobrigida remarked to a trade union conference that "Italians are having fewer children, so we're replacing them with someone else. [We say] yes to helping births, no to ethnic replacement. That's not the way forward".
 
The Netherlands
In April 2015, writing on the publishing website GeenStijl, scholar of Islam Hans Jansen used Great Replacement rhetoric, suggesting that it was an "undisputed" fact that among the European Union's governing elite there was a common consensus that Europeans were "no good and can be better replaced". In May 2015, Martin Bosma, a Dutch parliament Representative for the Party for Freedom (PVV), released his book Minority in their own land [nl]. Invoking the conspiracy theory, Bosma wrote about a growing 'a new population' of immigrants which lent itself to an apparently 'post-racial Multicultural State of Salvation'.
 
In March 2017, Thierry Baudet, leader of the right wing Forum for Democracy (FvD) party, promoted the theory after he claimed that the country's so-called elite were deliberately "homeopathically diluting" the Dutch population, in a speech about "national self-hatred". He said there was a plot to racially mix the ethnic Dutch with "all the people of the world", so that there would "never be a Dutchman again".
 
In January 2018, PVV Representative Martin Bosma endorsed the Great Replacement theory, and one of its key propagators, after meeting with Renaud Camus at a PVV demonstration in Rotterdam and tweeting his support. Filip Dewinter, a leading member of the Flemish secessionist Vlaams Belang party, who had traveled to the Netherlands on the day of the protest to meet with Camus, named him as a "visionary man" to the media.
 
Party for Freedom politician Geert Wilders of the Netherlands supports the notion of a Great Replacement occurring in Europe. In October 2018, Wilders invoked the conspiracy theory, claiming the Netherlands was "being replaced with mass immigration from non-western Islamic countries" and Rotterdam being "the port of Eurabia". He claimed 77 million, mainly Islamic immigrants would attempt to enter Europe over the course of half a century, and that white Europeans would cease to exist unless they were stopped. In 2019, The New York Times reported how Camus's demographic-based alarmist theories help fuel Wilders and his Party for Freedom's nativist campaigning.
 
In September 2018, Dutch author Paul Scheffer analyzed the Great Replacement and its political developments, suggesting that Forum for Democracy and Party for Freedom were forming policy regarding the demography of the Netherlands through the lens of the conspiracy theory.
 
Spain
The far-right party Vox has been described as circulating the theory for its discourse about low natality rates in Spaniards compared to migrants. According to journalist Antonio Maestre of El Diario, such an ideology is shared between Vox and some extreme strains of Catalan nationalism who fear replacement by Spanish-speakers.
 
United Kingdom
According to November 2018 research from the University of Cambridge, 31% of Brexit voters believe in the conspiracy theory compared to 6% of British people who oppose Brexit.
 
In July 2019, left-wing English musician and activist Billy Bragg released a public statement which accused fellow singer-songwriter Morrissey of endorsing the theory. Bragg suggested "that Morrissey is helping to spread this idea—which inspired the Christchurch mosque murderer—is beyond doubt".
 
Canada
YouTuber Lauren Southern of Canada has helped amplify the conspiracy theory. In 2017, Southern dedicated a video to the Great Replacement, gaining over half a million views on her channel, before it was deleted. 2018 mayoral candidate for Toronto Faith Goldy has publicly embraced the replacement theory. In 2019, in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings in Christchurch, New Zealand, Vice accused Goldy of routinely pushing the same ideas of birthrate declines and the population replacement of whites, found in the gunman's The Great Replacement manifesto. When white nationalist Paul Fromm co-opted the pre-1967 Canadian national flag, the Canadian Red Ensign, he referred to it as "the flag of the true Canada, the European Canada before the treasonous European replacement schemes brought in by the 1965 immigration policies".

In June 2019, columnist Lindsay Shepherd claimed that "whites are becoming a minority" in the West, describing her assertion as "population replacement". She was criticized by Canadian MP Colin Fraser at a House of Commons justice committee for not denouncing the concept, while Nathaniel Erskine-Smith accused Shepherd of openly embracing the conspiracy theory.
 
The political commentator Mathieu Bock-Côté is known to frequently amplify the Great Replacement theory (French: Grand Remplacement) into mainstream media with his political ideologies, born in Quebec and lives in France.
 
United States
Main article: Great replacement in the United States
The Great replacement in the United States is the American version of a white nationalist far-right conspiracy theory that racial minorities are displacing the traditional white American population and taking control of the nation. Versions of the theory "have become commonplace" in the Republican Party of the United States, and have become a major issue of political debate. It also has stimulated violent responses including mass murders. It resembles the Great Replacement theory promoted in Europe, but has its origins in American nativism around 1900. According to Erika Lee, in 1894 the old stock Yankee upper-class founders of the Immigration Restriction League were, "convinced that Anglo-Saxon traditions, peoples, and culture were being drowned in a flood of racially inferior foreigners from Southern and Eastern Europe."
 
Australia
The media in Australia have covered former Senator Fraser Anning of Queensland and his endorsement of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory. In April 2019, Reuters reported how Anning was amplifying replacement theory by suggesting that Muslims would "out-breed us very quickly". In May 2019, Anning alleged that white Australians would "fast become a minority" if they did not defend their "ethno-cultural identity".
 
New Zealand
The far right neo-Nazi youth group Action Zealandia has endorsed the Great Replacement theory, alleging that European identity in New Zealand is being threatened by economically driven non-white migration. In addition, the group has promoted the pseudohistorical notion that white people settled in New Zealand before the arrival of the indigenous Māori people. According to the journalist Marc Daalder, Action Zealandia is the successor to the Dominion Movement, a far right group that ceased its activities following the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings.
 
India
Hindu nationalists in India have stoked fears of demographic erasure of Hindus by Muslims, alleging that Muslims have higher fertility rates compared to other Indian communities and forced religious conversions are reducing the number of Hindus. In 2022, Hindu nationalist Yati Narsinghanand was arrested on hate speech charges and spoke about the risk of a Muslim prime minister in 2029, which he said would lead to killings and forced conversions of Hindus. Members of India's parliament and Indian television channels have also mainstreamed the claim of a demographic threat to Hindus. India's former chief election commissioner, S.Y. Quraishi, said that fearmongering over the threat to a Hindu majority has increased since 2014.
 
Malaysia
Hard right conservatives in Malaysia have expressed fears that local Indian communities, often of Tamil descent, may oust Malay Muslims, who are the current majority in Malaysia. These fears were heightened due to the Sri Lankan Civil War, backlash against activities of the Hindu Rights Action Force, and Hindu nationalism in India. Political actors have exploited this to acquire votes in Malaysia's heartland and to rally opposition against ratifying the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
 
Tunisia
In February 2023 the President of Tunisia Kais Saied made comments about African immigration into Tunisia, saying that they were changing the demographic makeup of the country in order to make it a "purely African" nation. This was widely interpreted as a Tunisian (or Arabic) version of the great replacement conspiracy theory allegedly in an attempt to distract voters from the policy failures of his government.
 
Implicit call to violence
Camus's use of strong terms like "colonization" and "Occupiers" to label non-European immigrants and their children have been described as implicit calls to violence.Scholars like Jean-Yves Camus have argued that the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory closely parallels the concept of "remigration", an euphemistic term for the forced deportation of non-white immigrants. "We shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," Camus wrote in 2019 to define his political agenda for the European parliament elections. He has also used another euphemism, the "Great Repatriation", to refer to remigration.
 
According to historians Nicolas Bancel and Pascal Blanchard, along with sociologist Ahmed Boubeker, "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement' [...] This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation." Sceptical of Camus's description of second or third generation immigrants as being itself a contradiction in terms—"they do not migrate anymore, they are French"—demographer Hervé Le Bras is also critical of their designation as a fifth column in France or an "internal enemy".
 
Inspired attacks
Fears of the white race's extinction, and replacement theory in particular, have been cited by several accused perpetrators of mass shootings between 2018, 2019 and 2022. While Camus has stated his own philosophy is a nonviolent one, analysts including Heidi Beirich of the Southern Poverty Law Center say the idea of white genocide has "undoubtedly influenced" American white supremacists, potentially leading to violence.
 
In October 2018, a gunman killed 11 people and injured 6 in an attack on the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The gunman believed Jews were deliberately importing non-white immigrants into the United States as part of a conspiracy against the white race.
 
Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian terrorist responsible for the mass shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, on 15 March 2019, that killed 51 people and injured 49, named his manifesto The Great Replacement, a reference to Camus's book. In response, Camus condemned violence while reaffirming his desire for a "counter-revolt" against an increase in nonwhite populations.
 
In 2019, research by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue showed over 24,000 social media mentions of the Great Replacement in the month before the Christchurch shootings, in comparison to just 3,431 mentions in April 2012. The use of the term spiked in April 2019 after the Christchurch mosque shootings.

Patrick Crusius, the suspect in the 2019 El Paso shooting, posted an online manifesto titled The Inconvenient Truth alluding to the "great replacement" and expressing support for "the Christchurch shooter" minutes before the attack. It spoke of a "Hispanic invasion of Texas" leading to "cultural and ethnic replacement" (alluding to the Reconquista) as justifications for the shooting.
By: Sophi Kotsovolos

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5 Comments

Eric Holmes
10/03/2023 2:02 am
The rapid racial demographic change is happening in Western Europe, Canada, USA, Australia and New Zealand.
The Great Replacement Is Real—Just Ask the UN
02/17/2024 10:39 am
For many years a topic of contentious debate has been whe ther or not the so-called Great Replacement is an actual plan or a concocted conspiracy theory. Those of us who believe the people of the Western world—Canada, the United States, Europe, Russia, Australia, and New Zealand—are purposefully being replaced by predominately Third World non-whites are called racists, as most of the population being replaced is comprised of white people. So, where can we search for confirmation that the Great Replacement Theory is, in fact, a truth and not a fiction? I would suggest that we might look to the United Nations for the evidence we are searching for. And there we find it, in black and white (no pun intended), in the form of a UN report released in 2000 titled “Replacement Migration: Is it a Solution to Declining and Aging Populations?” The report was published by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the UN’s executive arm. In the executive summary of the report, the UN authors state: The United Nations Population Division monitors fertility, mortality and migration trends for all countries of the world, as a basis for producing the official United Nations population estimates and projections. Among the demographic trends revealed by those figures, two are particularly salient: population decline and population aging. The report goes on to say: In particular, the Population Division is concerned with: patterns of mortality, fertility and international and internal migration, including levels and trends, their causes and consequences, and socio-economic, geographic and gender differentials; spatial distribution of population between urban and rural areas and among cities; estimates and projections of population size, age and sex structure, spatial distribution and demographic indicators; population and development policies at the national and international levels; and the relationship between socioeconomic development and population change. Eight countries are closely examined in the report: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the U.S. and how those nations are going to be able to support the elderly if their populations continue to diminish. There are various sections on each of those nations and the data shows, in a nutshell, the most advanced nations in the world are not making enough babies to support retired seniors. This is called the Potential Support Ratio (PSR). The PSR is the number of people age 15-64 per one older person aged 65 or older. According to analysts, “this ratio describes the burden placed on the working population by the non-working elderly population.” The higher the PSR score the better, meaning there are more working people contributing taxes to support retired and elderly people. Unfortunately, all the aforementioned nations are experiencing population reductions severe enough to predict that the social services and social security systems of these nations will become more and more strained and will eventually collapse sometime in the coming decades. The report contains an introduction and five possible population scenarios for each of the eight nations mentioned previously. For our purposes, we will focus on the United States, though all the scenarios are about the same for each of the advanced nations in the report. The introduction to the section on the United States begins: The total fertility rate in the United States has dropped from 3.45 births per woman in 1950-1955 to 2.02 in 19701975. Except for a temporary period … the total fertility rate has continued to be around two children per woman. As a consequence of these changes, the proportion of the population aged 65 or older rose from 8.3% in 1950 to 12.5% in 1995. [It’s 19.3% today.—Ed.] The report also says: The official United States estimate of documented migrants into the United States from 1990 to 1996 was about 1.1 million per year. Thus, the past regular inflow into the United States is well above the number of migrants needed to prevent a decline in the total population or in the working-age population. That has changed drastically in the 24 years since the report was crafted as couples of child-bearing age no longer seem interested in having enough children. The UN’s answer is devastating: Scenario V keeps the PSR at its 1995 value of 5.2 persons aged 15-64 for each person aged 65 or older. In order to keep the PSR constant at that level, it would be necessary to have 593 million immigrants from 1995 to 2050, an average of 10.8 million per year. By 2050, out of a United States total [est.] population of 1.1 billion, 775 million, or 73%, would be post-1995 immigrants or their descendants. [Emphasis added.] Is this why the administration believes it must allow tens of millions of immigrants into this nation every year? To them, it’s either that or, according to the report, the retirement age in America will have to be raised to 76 years old! So, yes, we are being replaced. But isn’t there a better solution? The people we are letting into the country now—most of them, anyway—are here for free benefits. How long before they become contributing members of society? And what will advanced nations devolve into? Will the West become one big “Third World”? The bottom line is, white people in particular need to have more babies. Wouldn’t financial incentives for couples to have more babies be appropriate? How about studying why fertility rates are dropping so drastically? Is it something we are consuming in this toxic world? Is it the prevalence of pornography? Is the push to feminize “toxic males” working, driving them away from fatherhood? Are some people so depressed about the future of the world they don’t want to bring children into it? Have many young people become so selfish they don’t want the expense and responsibility of raising children? Do they think they can’t afford it? One simple way to encourage people to have more babies would be to cut taxes drastically on married couples who have babies, in particular. This would certainly take away the financial stress associated with raising children these days. One thing is for sure, we are being replaced—that is a fact. The real question is, what can we do about it? If it weren’t for FDR’s Social Security Ponzi scheme—created in the 1930s when the poverty rate among seniors was at 50%—a diminution of population might be a good thing. But not any more. We’ve all sent the government 15% of our salaries during the course of our working careers, and we want it back in the form of Social Security checks. This issue is really too complicated to analyze in one column, so AFP will be talking about it in future editions. As always, I want to hear your thoughts
Plan to Murder America, Confiscate Its Wealth and Make China Leader of the NWO
02/17/2024 10:59 am
The economic misery index is at an all-time high. Political gridlock prevails and, in fact, there is VERY LITTLE difference between the Republican and the Democratic parties. Incompetence, graft, corruption, and scandal are everywhere. America seems to be sinking into a hell-hole of defeat, and a final economic cataclysmic event may be at hand. But is this breaking of America’s back a planned series of fiascoes? Is there an elitist group, backed by the Money Power, including the Federal Reserve, the Deep State and corporate banking interests, overseeing this destructive process? Indeed, is Red China, their perfect “Communist Ideal,” set to rise as the leader of the New World Order? Will the U.S. be leveled and the dollar decimated to benefit the communist tyrants in Beijing? Can we stop this foul plan of the elite and make America great once again? Who started all this mess? Here are the revelations that dissolve the mystery of that man’s meteoric rise to global prominence and how he got to the White House. Was he the heir to a plan conceived long ago and now being implemented?
Austrian Activist Banned from Entering Germany Speaks to AFP About Plight
02/17/2024 11:06 am
Former German Chancellor Angela Merkel will go down in history as the leader who opened the gates of Germany wide open. While illegal migrants, former ISIS fighters, smugglers, and petty criminals have been able to enter Germany without problems since 2015, not everyone is welcome. Austrian nationalist activist Martin Sellner, 35, was recently refused entry, even as Third World migrants continue to flood Western Europe. Sellner, a co-founder and leader of the Identitarian Movement in Austria, is neither a criminal nor a terrorist. Rather, the ideas he advocates clash with the ones professed by the German regime. His current troubles come from a lecture held in Potsdam in November. He addressed members of the Alternative für Deutschland, the second most popular political party according to recent polls, about the concept of remigration, which is now openly promoted by the nationalist party. The lecture was used as a pretext to ban Sellner from stepping foot in Germany. Sellner has so far refused to back down and has posted an online petition to reverse the ban, announced on Jan. 26. It is not the first time Sellner has been refused entry into a so-called democracy. He was refused entry into the United Kingdom in 2018 and barred from entering the United States in 2019. Ironically, the move to censor the young identitarian gave publicity to the ideas he promotes, as Sellner explained to this reporter in a recent interview. “The scandalization by a left-wing non-governmental organization (NGO), the media, and the German government has backfired,” Sellner said. “The big campaign against my book and me has made people curious. They want to see for themselves.” The result is striking. His most recent book, titled Remigration: A Proposal, is currently one of the top selling German books on Amazon. The German political establishment knows that his ideas are gaining ground, and it is not looking forward to discussing a concept like remigration. “The guardians of political correctness are not prepared to allow the debate on remigration, but a broad majority in Germany and throughout Western Europe want secure borders, consistent deportations, and a restoration of the native majority society,” Sellner explained. “Remigration now gives this invisible longing a name.” The case against Sellner is politically motivated. He has never been convicted in a court of law on any criminal charges. He has, however, been targeted as a whistleblower. “I think the two gang rapes [by immigrants] that take place on average every day in Germany are the real danger for Germans,” Sellner said. “My ideas show a way to put an end to this. But the current elite don’t want [to hear about] that.” Sellner is not the only nationalist currently targeted. The offices of Die Heimat, the successor of the National Democratic Party (NPD), were raided and a local councilman, Matthias Deyda, was forbidden to travel abroad, as if he were some kind of criminal. Witnessing the rise of nationalist feelings in Germany, the government is ready to do anything to tackle it. And the press goes along, calling Sellner a “far-right extremist” while attempting to link him with Naziism. But what does Sellner really advocate? Despite what the dishonest mass media claim, he does not advocate violence in any way. He acknowledges the failure of multiculturalism and rising violence and criminality due to mass migration into Germany. Sellner suggests a peaceful divorce: remigration. According to him, remigration “is a widely used term meaning that a migrant returns to his home country.” “We understand this to mean a reversal of migration flows,” Sellner explained. “The repatriation of illegal immigrants, a reversal of the push and pull factors, and border security are the prerequisites.” Operation Wetback is a prime example of how remigration can be done legally and peacefully to curb illegal immigration. When asked if such a project was feasible in 2024, Sellner dismissed the charge, preferring the term “visionary.” “Thirty years ago,” he declared, “no one would have thought that there would be Islamic no-go areas in Europe and gigantic pro-Hamas demonstrations in the streets of Paris and London. Population replacement is the real extreme—we just want a return to demographic normality.” His ban from Germany is unlikely to be reversed in the current political context. However, his ideas continue to reach an ever-increasing audience, and Sellner is looking forward to the forthcoming German and Austrian elections. He invites American readers not only to subscribe to his English “Telegram” channel to follow his current struggle but also to learn more about the concept of remigration.
Biden Celebrates Demise of Whites; Makes Great Replacement a Reality
08/14/2024 12:12 am
An explosive report recently released by the prestigious Brookings Institution confirms what many immigration patriots and conservatives have been warning about for decades: America’s traditional white demographic is aging out and is being systematically displaced, largely through non-white immigration into the U.S. and decreasing white birth rates. This deliberate demographic transformation has occurred under both Democratic and Republican administrations, but it may be particularly revealing given the fact that the “Great Replacement” has been confirmed while Joe Biden sits in the White House. In the past, Biden has celebrated America’s white demographic decline, and has said on record that “waves” of immigrants are “not going to stop” coming to America. “Nor should we want it to stop,” Biden stated in public comments he made in 2015 while serving as Vice President under former President Barack Obama. “As a matter of fact, it’s one of the things, I think, that we can be most proud of.” Biden went on to declare his support for “an unrelenting stream of immigration.” “Non-stop,” Biden continued. “Folks like me who were Caucasian, of European descent, for the first time in 2017 we’ll be an absolute minority in the United States of America—absolute minority. Fewer than 50% of the people in America … will be white European stock. That’s not a bad thing—that’s the source of our strength.” While Biden’s prediction wasn’t entirely accurate, the Brookings InstiAll of the policies of the Biden administration have been designed to benefit minorities and illegal aliens to the detriment of white Americans. tution report did conclude that Generation Z will be the last generation in America with a majority white demographic, a development that seemingly confirms the reality of the Great Replacement concept which has been hysterically denounced and ridiculed as a baseless, delusional, and even “anti-Semitic” conspiracy theory by groups like the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and leading Democrats. Indeed, the ADL and Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) have openly demanded anyone discussing the reality of the Great Replacement be shut down and banned on social media, with the ADL describing the increasingly obvious concept that whites are being systematically displaced as a “racist” and “anti-Semitic” ideology that posits that “a toxic overarching conspiracy” is striking “at the heart of faith in the United States as [a] workable democracy.” Yet the facts belie these frenzied characterizations. Those born between 1997 and 2012 are considered Gen Z while those born in the early 2010s through the mid-2020s are considered Generation Alpha, which will be the first majority non-white generation in U.S. history. In roughly two decades from now— around 2045, according to most estimates—whites “will fall below half as a share of the overall U.S. population,” according to a report published by The Hill, a D.C.-based daily political newspaper. “Racial minorities comprise over half of the zero to 4 and 5 to 17 age groups, with Latino or Hispanic Americans representing more than a quarter,” the Brookings Institution notes in its report. “In contrast, white Americans comprise about threequarters of the 65 to 74 and 75 and older age groups. Over the entire age spectrum, white population shares increase with age.” The report is based on 2020 census data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau. The most striking findings demonstrated that white Americans accounted for the vast majority of senior population growth, while non-white minorities accounted for virtually all net-growth population increases in all post-Baby Boomer generations. Americans aged 75 and over are roughly 77% white while those aged 5-17 are a mere 47% white, according to the latest data. According to demographic projections, whites will comprise 57% of the total U.S. population in 2025, but only 44% by 2060. Given the current immigration levels and reproductive statistics, each younger generation will be less and less white, prompting concerns among those who view this phenomenon as a deliberate attempt to displace the white demographic that settled and established the U.S. While the vast majority of mainstream demographers, economists, and U.S. politicians, including President Joe Biden himself, welcome and celebrate the increased diversity in America—meaning, less white Americans— others are not so sure this is a positive development. The increasing nonwhite demographic in America is largely promoted as key to America’s future, as the traditional white majority demographic ages. How these radical demographic changes will impact American elections, our economy, and our society more broadly is still up for debate, but many are concerned it will not be for the better. More importantly, many view the promotion of diversity, multiculturalism, massive non-white immigration, and other policies designed to reduce the traditional white demographic as politically motivated and designed to fundamentally transform the country in a way average voters and citizens would never approve of. “This Great Replacement is a reality,” Dr. Kevin MacDonald, a retired psychologist and author who has long written and advocated for white rights in America, told this reporter. “When immigration and other policies result in a decrease in the traditional white demographic in America, it is obviously for political reasons. Every other country in the world has immigration policies that seek to maintain the native population—the people that built the nation.” Dr. MacDonald also noted that white Americans must anticipate that when they become a minority in the nation their ancestors founded, they “will be a particularly vulnerable minority, a hated minority.” “We see expressions of hatred towards white people more and more often in the mainstream media and educational establishment,” Dr. MacDonald concluded. “It’s not going to get any better—it’s going to get worse, especially as America becomes less white.”


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